Electric vehicle: Revolution based on 3 Key factors

Contents

Introduction

Earlier, Electric vehicle was not in use we depended on fossil fuels for the fulfillment of daily life requirements. Fossil fuels are Coal, Petroleum, and Natural gas, which are present in solid, liquid, and gaseous form, respectively. There are certain drawbacks with them; these are carbon rich, increase CO2 levels, which causes global warming globally and they are non-renewable resources; therefore, it will be problematic in the future when it will become consumed. Along with that it also causes major impact on environment through air pollution, oil spills, and land degradation, etc.

Therefore, to eradicate this problem, we can use alternative options of environment friendly and renewable energy sources such as Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydropower, and Bioenergy etc. Our government also promotes to use of renewable energy sources and has started various schemes in such areas.

https://electricvehicles.in/

Nowadays, one of the fastest-growing sectors is electric vehicles (EVs). It can reduce the dependency on fossil fuels in daily life. EVs’ modern revolution started from the early 19th century, but in the 20th century especially after 2015th, it caught a boom because many countries plan to phase out fossil fuel cars by 2030 to 2040 to achieve climate goals. Therefore, the EV option increases rapidly, but there was a major challenge in making highly efficient, fast charging batteries. To achieve its high efficiency, three key components play it’s major role-

3 key components of a battery

There are three major key components of batteries: Anode, cathode and electrolyte, which are responsible for energy storage and release during charging and discharging processes.

1. Anode (-)

Releases electrons during discharge, usually
made of graphite or lithium metal

2. Cathode (+)

Receives electrons during discharge, made of
materials like lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate), or NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt).

3. Electrolyte

Moves lithium ions between anode and cathode, exists in Liquid,
gel, or solid, conducts ions but blocks electrons.

High Efficiency Batteries

Highly efficient batteries have several characteristic features. Here can easily understand the advanced features of highly efficient batteries by differentiating them from conventional batteries-

Feature	Conventional Battery	High-Efficiency Battery
Type	Lead-acid, older lithium-ion	Advanced lithium-ion (e.g., NMC, LFP), solid-state
Energy Density	Low to moderate	High (more energy stored per kg)
Weight	Heavier	Lighter
Charging Speed	Slow to moderate	Fast charging (80% in 30 min or less)
Lifespan (charge cycles)	300–1000 cycles	2000–5000+ cycles
Efficiency (charge–discharge)	~80%	90–98%
Temperature Sensitivity	Performs poorly in extreme weather	Better thermal control and performance
Safety	Can overheat or leak (lead-acid)	Advanced safer (LFP, Solid-state)
Cost	Cheaper	Costly
Environmental Impact	More pollution, harder to recycle	Less toxic, increasingly recyclable

Use Case	Common Battery Type
Old Cars	Lead-acid
Basic Electric Vehicle	Standard lithium-ion
Modern Electric vehicle	NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)
Future Electric Vehicle	Solid-state batteries

Type of modern batteries with key components:

By modifying these key components nowadays, we can develop a kind of highly efficient battery.

Battery Type	Anode	Cathode	Electrolyte
LFP	Graphite	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Liquid Lithium Salt
NMC	Graphite	Nickel Manganese Cobalt	Liquid Lithium Salt
Solid-State	Lithium metal	Varies (e.g. LFP, NMC)	Solid ceramic/polymer

High-Nickel NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt):

These cathodes offer high voltage and capacity, supporting rapid charge and discharge cycle. It’s costly due to usage of cobalt and nickel. There are several variants are designed based on their chemistry, such as NMC 333, 622, and 811.

LFP ( Lithium Iron Phospate)

It is also an high efficient, more safer and having less energy density than NMC batteries. Due to their lower prize it’s highly adopted in affordable EVs.

Solid state batteries:

It is future of energy storage to make more efficient EVs. It can store more energy in smaller size because Anode – Electrolyte – Cathode ( all solid). Due to their characteristic features it is more safer ( non– inflammable) and efficiently works at extreme temperatures also.

Batteries Used in Affordable Electric Vehicle

Affordable electric vehicles (EVs), especially in markets like India, China, and Southeast Asia, commonly use LFP batteries (Lithium Iron Phosphate) due to their balance of safety, cost, and durability.

Region	Examples
India	Tata Nexon EV, Ola S1 Pro, MG Comet EV
China	BYD Dolphin, Wuling Mini EV
Global	Tesla Model 3 & Model Y (base versions), BYD Atto 3